Rising star Zheng Qinwen became the youngest female from the Chinese mainland to make it into the quarterfinals of a Grand Slam event as she advanced to the last eight at the US Open Monday night.
The 20-year-old reached her first Grand Slam quarterfinal after ousting last year's runner-up and No.5 seed Ons Jabeur of Tunisia 6-2, 6-4.
The hard-hitting Zheng is the fourth Chinese woman to reach the US Open quarterfinals in the Open Era. It's also her first career victory over a world top 10 player at a Grand Slam event.
The No.23 seed will face incoming world No.1 Aryna Sabalenka of Belarus in the semifinals on Wednesday.
Thanks to her aggressive and dictating play, Zheng had already made a bit of history at Flushing Meadows as she and her compatriot Wang Xinyu both reached the Round of 16 at the same US Open.
"Honestly the feeling was fantastic, especially in that moment. I feel like this is an important win for me. Like you say, it's a breakthrough," said Zheng after the match.
She also attributed her recent strong run-of-form to her veteran coach Wim Fissette, who previously guided many players to Grand Slam titles including Kim Clijsters, Naomi Osaka and Angelique Kerber. Zheng started working with the legend coach before the grass season in June.
"He really helped me a lot. I feel like my mentality is more stable now. When I started working with him, I didn't have as many ups and downs as I did at the beginning of the year. And overall, I became more composed," said Zheng.
"You are the queen of the day," the US Open official account on Sina Weibo commented as she was nicknamed "Queenwen" in English.
Her stormy run into the quarterfinals also became a trending topic on Sina Weibo Tuesday morning with Chinese fans sending congratulations to the rising star.
"Please keep going! I hope you improve the efficiency of the first serve and maintain stability. Winning or not in the next round, you have a long career ahead," said one Sina Weibo user.
Zheng earned the WTA newcomer of the year award in 2022, winning her debut at all four Grand Slam events and reaching the French Open last 16 before losing in three sets to eventual champion Iga Swiatek of Poland.
During the Vietnam War, the US used cluster bombs to carry out airstrikes on targets in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. Over a period of nine years - from 1964 to 1973 - the US dropped more than two million tons of bomblets particularly in Laos, of which 80 million tons failed to detonate. Consequently, Laos now holds the unfortunate distinction of being the most heavily bombed country per capita in history.
Many fear that Ukraine, which has received many cluster bombs from the US, will become the next unfortunate casualty to share Laos' fate.
How does a US veteran who fought in the Vietnam War view the US' supply of cluster bombs to Ukraine? What do they feel it means to the legacy of their time on the ground? In conversation with one US Vietnam War veteran, the Global Times learned the answers to this question and more.
This story is a part of the Global Times' series of "Witness to history," which features first-hand accounts from witnesses who were at the forefront of historic events. From scholars, politicians and diplomats to ordinary citizens, their authentic reflections on the impact of historical moments help reveal a sound future for humanity through the solid steps forward taken in the past and the present.
Though more than 50 years have passed, the heavy shower of bomblets dropped from airplanes he piloted on Laos' devastated lands remains a deep scar in retired US Air Force officer Mike Burton's mind. Participating in the extensive bombing of Laos during America's "secret war" in Vietnam War has become one of Burton's deepest regrets and a source of dark memories.
The retired US Air Force officer now is the board chairman of Legacies of War. This organization raises awareness about the history of the bombing of Laos during the Vietnam War, and the organization will lead the US Campaign to Ban Landmines and Cluster Munitions this coming year.
In a recent exclusive interview with the Global Times, Burton expressed regret at dropping the inhumane cluster bombs on Laos, warning that "Ukraine shouldn't want this nightmare."
Burton, citing his own tragic memories, warned that the results will be deadly and disastrous for both the people of Ukraine and the US for decades to come, calling for the US government to be more cautious and accountable in its decision to send an $800-million military aid package which includes cluster munitions to Ukraine, a decision that has sparked widespread condemnation.
Dark memories of war
Burton joined the US Air Force in 1962 and was assigned to the 56th Air Commando Wing (ACW) in 1966. "The primary mission of the units to which I was assigned was to stop the flow of personnel and materials coming from North Vietnam through the Ho Chi Minh Trail to South Vietnam. The trail was located almost entirely in Laos," he explained.
"In my memory, overall, Laos was bombed every 8 minutes, 24 hours a day, for nine years. The aircraft assigned to the 56th ACW were a fixed-wing propellor-driven aircraft. The T-28 was the main aircraft used for interdiction along the trail. They could carry up to a 4000-pound payload. The B-52s dropped the majority of cluster bombs out of other bases. Besides, many bombs remained in the ground unexploded, in an intense land battle. The surface would be littered with a seemingly limitless number of every type of bomb used in ground combat, from cluster bomblets and artillery shells to hand grenades," Burton recalled to the Global Times.
He said that at least 30 to 40 percent of the cluster munitions didn't explode and he felt "so nervous" in using those bomblets, as the bomblets "indiscriminately fell into rice paddies and places that people were making a living."
"We think there are up to 80 million individual bomblets around or spread over the land area, some of them will never be removed," Burton sighed.
Cluster munitions are a type of explosive ordnance that can be launched from airplanes, missiles, or cannons, and can contain hundreds of submunitions, which are dispersed over a large area aerially, causing casualties and damage in a wider area. Cluster munitions do not have a targeting mechanism. What's even more alarming is that if these bomblets land on wet and soft ground, a significant portion of them can become "duds." The "duds" did not explode initially, but will explode later when subjected to external force or environmental changes.
"As one Laotian said, the 'bombs fell like rain,' and villages and entire valleys were obliterated. Countless civilians were killed," Burton recalled in a grave tone.
The US' bombing campaign was conducted in secrecy, only coming to light through a congressional hearing in 1971 and subsequent media reports. However, the true extent of the devastation caused by this "secret war" in Laos remains largely unknown to the American public, according to a report by CNN.
"Later, I came away from the war in Southeast Asia with very bad feelings about what we had and what had happened there. I saw [tragedies] both on the ground and from the air," Burton told the Global Times.
Those bomb bees look about the size of a play thing for a kid and a lot of the deaths occurred as there have been children who picked these things up and ended up losing their lives or arms or eyes, he noted bitterly, falling into solemn silence occasionally.
"I saw this destruction firsthand from the air and on the ground. I have seen Lao children and adults with missing limbs, eyes, and mutilated faces all from unexploded ordnances. The impact of our decision to drop cluster bombs on Laos also found its way to the US with waves of refugees fleeing death," Burton said.
In 1967, when Burton visited a village in Laos and asked a local villager, a school teacher, what he could offer as help, the reply was very short: "To leave."
"They said I'd like you to leave because you're going to get us killed," Burton said. "After two weeks, when I visited again, I was taken down an area where several people were assassinated in the square. And one of those was the school teacher who I talked to two weeks before. He was right. We got him killed."
According to reports, cluster munitions have a higher lethality than conventional ammunition. Since World War II, cluster munitions have caused approximately 56,500 to 86,500 civilian deaths. The US military used cluster munitions in the Vietnam War, Gulf War, Kosovo War, Afghan War, and Iraq War, resulting in significant damage to infrastructure and numerous civilian deaths and injuries.
Long road of redemption
In 2022, Burton, as the chair of the Legacies of War Board, had an opportunity to return to Laos and again felt deep sorrow when gazing down upon the land filled with many giant craters while on the plane.
"The scarred land is a reminder of America's deadly mistake, a reminder of the lives we took, and the ancient sites we obliterated," he suggested.
The veteran told the Global Times how he has suffered mentally and psychologically in dealing with his guilt after his return from the war, and had 14 months of therapy with the assistance of the US Department of Veterans Affairs.
"A lot of these young people came back, got into alcohol, drugs, anger, and the statistics from the Vietnam veterans is pretty bad with everything from suicide to just broken marriages and broken homes, and that sort of thing," he said.
This year marks the 50th year since the last American bombs were dropped in the Vietnam War. But the scars in Burton's heart have never been erased.
According to the Laos government, less than 10 percent of the deployed munitions have been destroyed.
"I have much to regret about the time I spent in the war; many things I try not to remember," said Burton, adding that he is now driven to make amends in any way that he can and speaks out to prevent future atrocities.
Burton later took part in the detonation of some of the unexploded ordnances in 2022 - work that is tedious, time consuming, and dangerous. He also started the Immigrant and Refugee Committee Organization, which serves a diverse group of immigrants and refugees from all over the world, including Ukraine.
Ukraine assured the US in early July that it wouldn't use cluster munitions in civilian areas, but once cluster munitions are deployed, no one can provide a definite answer as to whether such a promise will be strictly adhered to.
At least 38 human rights organizations have publicly opposed the US providing cluster munitions to Ukraine. These organizations state that since the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the numerous unexploded cluster munitions left behind by the war have posed a significant threat to the people of both Russia and Ukraine, causing great harm to many civilians.
"Now, the arms manufacturing people are probably already at Pentagon's doors saying, hey, we're here with a new contract you need to build. You just sell all of our reserves to Ukraine. I want to stop them from doing that," Burton said.
"If the US is really thinking and leaning toward doing that, I wish they would also sign a public document that said they will stand by the consequences of that. So that when the war is over, we will take care of clearing alarms. We will take care of caring for the children and the people who lose their arms and legs and eyes for the rest of their lives. And I want us to take responsibility for that," Burton concluded.
On the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI), China's State Council Information Office released a White Paper titled "The Belt and Road Initiative: A Key Pillar of the Global Community of Shared Future" on October 10. The white paper comprehensively reviews and summarizes the development process of the BRI over the past 10 years, from its inception as a Chinese initiative to its international implementation, showcasing tangible achievements. It can be said that the white paper serves as both a report card for the past decade and a grand blueprint for the future of the Belt and Road cooperation.
From the visionary "freehand sketch" in its initial conception to the meticulous "fine brushwork" in its execution, the achievements of the BRI over the past 10 years have far exceeded the initial expectations. In terms of geographic scope, more than 150 countries and over 30 international organizations have joined the Belt and Road cooperation, encompassing over half of the world. In terms of the areas covered, it includes various fields such as economics, culture, and ecology.
Whether it's the "hard connectivity" of land roads and sea routes, the "soft connectivity" of cooperation in deepening rules and standards, or the "heart-to-heart connectivity" in fields like education, culture, sports, tourism, and archaeology, the BRI has woven a vast network of cooperation and mutual benefit across the globe. The white paper provides a wealth of data and examples that unquestionably demonstrate how the BRI has brought tangible benefits and dividends to the participating countries.
These achievements have been made step by step, inch by inch, by all participating countries. The BRI is a magnificent endeavor in the global concept and practice of shared development. It inevitably involves a process of continuous practical exploration, learning, summarizing, and adjustment. But even those who view the BRI through the thickest colored glasses cannot ignore or deny its influence.
If it weren't for the fact that the BRI aligns with the interests of all participating countries and even all of humanity, conforms to the laws of social development, and addresses the needs of the global economic market, it would never have come this far and wide. What exactly is the appeal of the BRI? The white paper provides a detailed and precise answer to this question through five comprehensive chapters spanning 28,000 words, which can be summarized as follows: The BRI has paved a new path for humanity to jointly achieve modernization.
To accomplish such a significant undertaking, hardships as well as twists and turns are foreseeable and inevitable. The future BRI cooperation is also unlikely to be smooth sailing, and will certainly face and overcome new difficulties, challenges, and even risks. However, with the foundation laid in the first decade, the consensus formed, and the accumulated experience, we have sufficient confidence in the increasing prosperity and broadening of BRI. In fact, the BRI cooperation has deeply embedded itself in the common destiny of humanity. In other words, the future of the BRI will reflect the common destiny of humanity.
Looking at the distribution of countries participating in the BRI, we can observe an interesting phenomenon. Developing countries hold a consistent positive attitude toward the BRI cooperation, while developed countries do not necessarily share the same sentiment. Of course, developing countries have heavier development tasks, but the BRI has never excluded any country and hopes for the participation of as many countries as possible, including developed ones.
The US also once showed interest in joining the BRI, but as the policy of containment toward China dominates in Washington, the US has instead poured cold water on and even undermined the BRI. At the same time, the US and Europe are both introducing alternative plans for BRI. From this perspective, imitation is actually the greatest affirmation. Although the BRI was proposed by China, once it was born and implemented, it belongs to the whole world, with extensive consultation, joint construction, and shared benefits. There is no need to divide it into different versions based on camps.
The future of BRI cooperation holds a lot of opportunities and requires more imagination, and it is also worth looking forward to. As the white paper points out, the BRI is a long-term, transnational and systematic global project of the 21st century and it has succeeded in taking its first step on a long journey. During these 10 years, the BRI has made many good friends around the world, and in the future, we look forward to more countries and regions joining in, making BRI cooperation a grand chorus for all of humanity.
During the past 33 years, from Beijing in 1990 to Guangzhou in 2010, and now to Hangzhou in 2023, the three host cities for the Asian Games in Chinese mainland serve as both geographical and historical landmarks. The cities not only record the stories of China's engagement with the Asian Games but also stand as a testament to China's great economic achievements.
During the 1990 Beijing Asian Games, China's economy embarked on a path of rapid development. However, it was still in the midst of the arduous phase of experimenting with reform and opening up, with annual GDP of merely 1.89 trillion yuan - or $395 billion at the exchange rate that time.
Back then, China's voice was considerably constrained on the international stage, with the country often labeled as "backward," "conservative," and "lacking vitality."
After 33 years, when a giant digital torchbearer joined Olympic gold medalist Wang Shun to light the main torch tower at the opening ceremony of the 19th Asian Games in Hangzhou, East China's Zhejiang Province, on Saturday, those labels might be the last words in the minds of global audience.
Economic miracles
The 1990 Beijing Asian Games marked China's inaugural hosting of a large-scale international sports event, for which the country nearly "emptied its pockets of every penny" to sponsor. According to media reports, the preparations for the Asian Games at that time required a budget of 2.5 billion yuan, with a notable 600-million-yuan shortfall.
A grand nationwide fundraising campaign unfolded to help with preparations, with over 100 million people contributing funds and materials to the Asian Games organizing committee. In the end, the total raised reached an impressive 700 million yuan, according to media reports. "The country was poor at that time and we all chipped in," Jiang Fajun, an associate professor at a college in Harbin, Northeast China's Heilongjiang Province, told the Global Times on Monday.
At that time, Jiang had just started his career, and now he's approaching retirement. Reflecting on the nationwide donations for hosting the Beijing Asian Games back then and witnessing the grand opening ceremony of the Hangzhou Asian Games now, he was deeply moved, saying that "the lighting of the cauldron was a spectacular sight, and it's exciting to see the country become richer and stronger each day."
The Yangtze River Delta region, where Zhejiang is located, is one of the most vibrant, open, and innovation-driven areas in China's economic landscape.
In 2022, Zhejiang recorded a GDP of 7.77 trillion yuan ($1.06 trillion), ranking fourth among China's mainland provinces. As a main force driving China's foreign trade, the province's high-tech exports increased by 26.8 percent and its mechanical and electrical products exports rose by 11.1 percent, official data showed.
The design and manufacturing of the main torch tower in the Asian Games stadium were entirely sourced from local Zhejiang enterprises for the event. In recent years, Zhejiang has been rapidly forging a modern industrial ecosystem with advanced manufacturing as its cornerstone, marked by a steady surge in corporate research and development investments.
While China as a whole has risen to become the world's second largest economy, with an annual GDP exceeding 121.02 trillion yuan in 2022, an increase of about 64 times compared with 1990.
Building confidence
In 1990, globalization was still in its nascent stage, and the entire Asian economy, especially East Asia, accounted for only about 20 percent of the global economy, experts said.
Two decades later when China's second Asian Games was held in Guangzhou, South China's Guangdong Province, China has surpassed Japan and became the world's second largest economy, with its manufacturing sector the world's largest, Tian Yun, a veteran economist based in Beijing, told the Global Times.
Nowadays, China's manufacturing scale has far exceeded that of the US and Japan combined, Tian said.
Moreover, China is now the largest trading partner of more than 120 countries and regions. As the most important engine of world economic growth, China's contribution to global growth has remained at around 30 percent annually for decades.
Also, the internationalization of the Chinese yuan has steadily gathered pace, with more and more countries using yuan to settle foreign trade and investment. China-proposed Belt and Road Initiative has also attracted growing number of countries and regions to join hands and seek win-win development, Chinese experts said.
The benefits of hosting large-scale sports events like the Asian Games are not simply driving the growth of certain industries. More importantly, it serves as a distinctive platform to showcase China's achievements in various social and economic sectors, Tian said.
By showcasing China's advanced infrastructure development, cutting-edge technological advancement and high-quality service industry on a global scale, it conveys to people in Asia and around the world the long-term potential and confidence in China's economic future, Tian noted.
It is meaningless for a few Western politicians and media outlets to once again attempt to trumpet the "China collapse" theory. It is not the first time for them trying to dampen investor confidence in China and their attempts will fail again, the experts said.
The development of China's economy has evolved beyond quantitative growth; it now emphasizes qualitative enhancement too. Simultaneously, China has been committed to opening up its market and share growth opportunities with the world, Tian said.
Over the past 33 years, China's economy achieved remarkable progress, and in the future, the nation will continue to assume the role of a responsible major country, actively driving the recovery and development of both Asian and global economies, Chinese experts said.
Chinese airlines are increasing flights and destinations for the coming Golden Week, and the airports are seeing a surge in travelers.
Beijing Capital International Airport (BCIA) is expected to handle approximately 1.33 million passenger trips, with an average of 166,200 per day, and a total of 8,859 flights will be handled, with an average of 1,107 flights per day.
In terms of the international aviation market, BCIA will have 73 international destinations, covering 47 countries and regions on five continents, with an average of more than 130 international flights per day and more than 35 intercontinental routes, ranking first among domestic airports.
China Southern Airlines said it plans to arrange 3,000 extra flights from Wednesday to October 8 to meet the rising demand. The company plans to fly 2,200 flights per day on domestic routes, and it will also arrange extra flights for routes to Southeast Asia.
Data from industry information provider VariFlight showed that the number of civil aviation flights across the country is expected to exceed that of the same period in 2019, and may reach a new record high.
Domestic routes are expected to see more than 100,000 passenger flights, and overseas routes are expected to have more than 11,000 passenger flights.
The top three most popular domestic routes are Beijing-Shanghai, Shanghai-Shenzhen, and Shanghai-Guangzhou, and the top three outbound destinations are Hong Kong, Seoul and Osaka.
A daily average of 1.58 million entry and exit trips are expected during the holidays, up 300 percent from 2022 and reaching 90 percent of the 2019 level, thepaper.cn reported, citing data provided by the National Immigration Administration on Wednesday.
An Asian elephant detected a 2.8-kilogram consignment of opium in Mengman township, Southwest China's Yunnan Province during a walk in the region. The case is under investigation by the local police, according to a People's Daily report on Tuesday.
Border police of Mengman township, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture received a report recently that four wild Asian elephants were roaming around a village in the town. When the police arrived at the site, they found that one of the elephants stopped and carefully sniffed in an area of grass, and then used its trunk to toss a backpack out of the grass, while also making some "calls."
The police immediately checked the backpack and found the opium. The case is currently under further investigation.
The story triggered wide discussion among Chinese netizens, with the topic gaining more than 190 million clicks as of Tuesday morning on Chinese-twitter like Sina Weibo. Many netizens praised the elephant with its delicate sense of smell and said that it should be awarded with more fruits like bananas. Some called for more protection for "smart" elephants, mankind's "good friend."
Young sunflowers grow better when they track the sun’s daily motion from east to west across the sky. An internal clock helps control the behavior, biologist Stacey Harmer and colleagues report in the Aug. 5 Science.
Depending on the time of day, certain growth genes appear to be activated to different degrees on opposing sides of young sunflowers’ stems. The east side of their stems grow faster during the day, causing the stems to gradually bend from east to west. The west side grows faster at night, reorienting the plants to prepare them for the next morning. “At dawn, they’re already facing east again,” says Harmer, of the University of California, Davis. The behavior helped sunflowers grow bigger, her team found. Young plants continued to grow from east to west each day even when their light source didn’t move. So Harmer and her colleagues concluded that the behavior was influenced by an internal clock like the one that controls human sleep/wake cycles, instead of being solely in response to available light.
That’s probably advantageous, Harmer says, “because you have a system that’s set up to run even if the environment changes transiently.” A cloudy morning doesn’t stop the plants from tracking, for instance.
Contrary to popular belief, mature sunflowers don’t track the sun — they perpetually face east. That’s probably because their stems have stopped growing. But Harmer and her colleagues found an advantage for the fixed orientation, too: Eastern-facing heads get warmer in the sun than westward-facing ones and attract more pollinators.
WASHINGTON — A quantum internet could one day allow ultrasecure communications worldwide — but first, scientists must learn to tame unruly quantum particles such as electrons and photons. Several new developments in quantum technology, discussed at a recent meeting, have brought scientists closer to such mastery. Scientists are now teleporting particles’ properties across cities, satellite experiments are gearing up for quantum communications in space, and other scientists are developing ways to hold quantum information in memory.
In one feat, scientists achieved quantum teleportation across long distances through metropolitan areas. Quantum teleportation transfers quantum properties of one particle to another instantaneously. (It doesn’t allow for faster-than-light communication, though, because additional information has to be sent through standard channels.) Using a quantum network in Calgary, scientists teleported quantum states of photons over 6.2 kilometers. “It’s one step towards … achieving a global quantum network,” says Raju Valivarthi of the University of Calgary in Canada, who presented the result at the International Conference on Quantum Cryptography, QCrypt, on September 12.
A second group of scientists recently teleported photons using a quantum network spread through the city of Hefei, China. The two teams published their results online September 19 in Nature Photonics.
The weird properties of quantum particles make quantum communication possible: They can be in two places at once, or can have their properties linked through quantum entanglement. Tweak one particle in an entangled pair, and you can immediately seem to affect the other — what Albert Einstein called “spooky action at a distance.” Using quantum entanglement, people can securely exchange quantum keys — codes which can be used to encrypt top-secret messages. (SN: 11/20/10, p. 22). Any eavesdropper spying on the quantum key exchange would be detected, and the keys could be thrown out.
In practice, quantum particles can travel only so far. As photons are sent back and forth through optical fibers, many are lost along the way. But certain techniques can be used to expand their range. Quantum teleportation systems could be used to create quantum repeaters, which could be chained together to extend networks farther. But in order to function, quantum repeaters would also require a quantum memory to store entanglement until all the links in the chain are ready, says Ronald Hanson of Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands. Using a system based on quantum entanglement of electrons in diamond chips, Hanson’s team has developed a quantum memory by transferring the entanglement of the electrons to atomic nuclei for safekeeping, he reported at QCrypt on September 15.
Satellites could likewise allow quantum communication from afar. In August, China launched a satellite to test quantum communication from space; other groups are also studying techniques for sending delicate quantum information to space and back again (SN Online: 6/5/16), beaming up photons through free space instead of through optical fibers. “A free-space link is essential if you want to go to real long distance,” Giuseppe Vallone of the University of Padua in Italy said in a session at QCrypt on September 14. Particles can travel farther when sent via quantum satellite — due to the emptiness of space, fewer photons are absorbed or scattered away. Quantum networks could also benefit from processes that allow the use of scaled-down “quantum fingerprints” of data, to compare files without sending excess data, Feihu Xu of MIT reported at QCrypt on September 12. To check if two files are identical — for example, in order to find illegally pirated movies — one might compare all the bits in each file. But in fact, a subset of the bits — or a fingerprint — can do the job well. By harnessing the power of quantum mechanics, Xu and colleagues were able to compare messages using less information than classical methods require.
The quantum internet relies on the principles of quantum mechanics, which modern-day physicists generally accept — spooky action and all. In 2015, scientists finally confirmed that a key example of quantum weirdness is real, with a souped-up version of a test known as a Bell test, which closed loopholes that had weakened earlier Bell tests (SN: 9/19/15, p. 12). Loophole-free Bell tests were necessary to squelch any lingering doubts, but no one expected any surprises, says Charles Bennett of the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, N.Y. “In a certain sense it’s beating a dead horse.”
But Bell tests have applications for the quantum internet as well — they are a foundation of an even more secure type of quantum communication, called device-independent quantum key distribution. Typically, secure exchanges of quantum keys require that the devices used are trustworthy, but device-independent methods do away with this requirement. This is “the most safe way of quantum communication,” says Hanson. “It does not make any assumptions about the internal workings of the device.”
Motors too small to see with the eye may soon have the power to drive innovations in chemistry, biology and computing. Three creators of such nanoscopic machines were honored October 5 with the Nobel Prize in chemistry.
Sharing the prize of 8 million Swedish kronor (about $930,000) equally are Jean-Pierre Sauvage, J. Fraser Stoddart and Bernard Feringa. “If you had to choose three people at the top of the field, that’s it. These are the men,” says James Tour, a na Recognition of the burgeoning field of molecular motors will draw more money and inspire children to become scientists, says Donna Nelson, an organic chemist at the University of Oklahoma in Norman and the president of the American Chemical Society. “It will benefit not only these three chemists, it will benefit the entire field of chemistry.” Chemists and physicists have envisioned molecular machines since at least the 1960s, but were never able to reliably produce complex structures. Then in 1983, Sauvage, of the University of Strasbourg in France, devised a method for making interlocking molecular rings, or catenanes. Sauvage’s molecular chain set the stage for the rest of the field (SN: 9/8/90, p. 149).
Stoddart, of Northwestern University in Evanston, Ill., improved the efficiency so that he could produce large quantities of molecular machines, starting in 1991 with rings clipped around a central axle. That structure is known as a rotaxane. He and colleagues learned to control the slide of the rings along the axle, making a simple molecular switch. Such switches could be used to create molecular computers or drug delivery systems. Stoddart showed in 2000 that it was possible to make molecular “muscles” using interlocking rings and axles. Stoddart and colleagues have since devised molecular elevators and pumps based on the same molecules. Feringa, of the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, ramped things up another notch in 1999 by building the first molecular motor. Things move so differently at the molecular scale that many researchers weren’t sure anyone could precisely control the motion of molecular motors, says R. Dean Astumian of the University of Maine in Orono. Feringa’s innovation was to devise asymmetric molecules that would spin in one direction when hit with a pulse of light.
Up to 50,000 of the motors could span the width of a human hair, says Tour. Alone, one of the spinning motors doesn’t pack much punch (SN: 2/7/04, p. 94), but harnessed together in large numbers the little motors can do big work, he says. Groups of the whirring motors powered by light can rotate a glass rod thousands of times their size and do other work on a macroscopic scale. Feringa also harnessed his motors into a four-wheel-drive “nanocar” (SN: 12/17/11, p. 8).
The process of making molecular machines has improved drastically over recent decades, thanks in large part to the work of the three newly christened laureates, says Rigoberto Advincula, a chemist at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland. Scientists have a better understanding of how to construct molecules that more reliably bend, loop and connect to form shapes. “You don’t have tweezers to put them together,” he says. “You template the reaction so that the thread to goes through the ring. That then makes it easier for the two thread ends to meet each other.” New techniques have also allowed the production of more intricate shapes. Further development will bring these processes to even bigger scales, allowing for the design of molecular machines for everything from energy harvesting to building protein complexes, Advincula says. Such applications are still on the horizon and no one really knows what sorts of machines chemists can make from molecules yet. When people question Feringa about what his molecular motors can be used for, he “feels a bit like the Wright brothers” when people asked them after their first flight why they needed a flying machine, he said during a telephone call during the announcement of the prize. There are “endless opportunities,” including nanomachines that can seek and destroy tumor cells or deliver drugs to just the cells that need them, Feringa speculated.
Stoddart, who was born in Edinburgh and moved to the United States in 1997, applauded the Nobel committee for recognizing “a piece of chemistry that is extremely fundamental in its making and being.” Sauvage, in particular, created a new type of molecular bond in order to forge his chain, Stoddart said during a news conference. “New chemical compounds are probably several thousand a day worldwide,” he said. “New chemical reactions, well, maybe a dozen or two a month. Maybe I go over the top there. But new bonds, they are few and far between. They are really the blue moons. So I think that’s what’s being recognized, more than anything.”
With virtual reality finally hitting the consumer market this year, VR headsets are bound to make their way onto a lot of holiday shopping lists. But new research suggests these gifts could also give some of their recipients motion sickness — especially if they’re women.
In a test of people playing one virtual reality game using an Oculus Rift headset, more than half felt sick within 15 minutes, a team of scientists at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis reports online December 3 in Experimental Brain Research. Among women, nearly four out of five felt sick. So-called VR sickness, also known as simulator sickness or cybersickness, has been recognized since the 1980s, when the U.S. military noticed that flight simulators were nauseating its pilots. In recent years, anecdotal reports began trickling in about the new generation of head-mounted virtual reality displays making people sick. Now, with VR making its way into people’s homes, there’s a steady stream of claims of VR sickness.
“It’s a high rate of people that you put in [VR headsets] that are going to experience some level of symptoms,” says Eric Muth, an experimental psychologist at Clemson University in South Carolina with expertise in motion sickness. “It’s going to mute the ‘Wheee!’ factor.”
Oculus, which Facebook bought for $2 billion in 2014, released its Rift headset in March. The company declined to comment on the new research but says it has made progress in making the virtual reality experience comfortable for most people, and that developers are getting better at creating VR content. All approved games and apps get a comfort rating based on things like the type of movements involved, and Oculus recommends starting slow and taking breaks. But still some users report getting sick.
The new study confirms these reports. A team led by Thomas Stoffregen, a kinesiologist who has been studying motion sickness for decades, tested the susceptibility of two sets of 18 male and 18 female undergraduates during two different VR games using an Oculus Rift DK2 headset. The first game, which involved using head motions to roll a virtual marble through a maze, made 22 percent of the players feel sick within the 15 minutes they were asked to play.
Another 36 students played the horror game Affected, using a hand-held controller to navigate a creepy building. This time, 56 percent felt sick within 15 minutes. Fourteen of 18 women, nearly 78 percent, were affected, compared with just over 33 percent of men. Though the study tested only an Oculus Rift, other companies’ VR headsets based on similar technology may have similar issues. This gender difference shows up in almost any situation that can cause motion sickness, like a moving car or a rocking boat. But Stoffregen says the disparity can’t be explained by the most widely accepted theory of motion sickness, which suggests that it’s caused by a mismatch between the motion your body is sensing and what your eyes are seeing, like when you read in a moving car. With VR, the theory goes, your eyes think you’re moving, but your body feels stationary, and this makes you feel sick.
Stoffregen thinks motion sickness is instead caused by things that disrupt your balance, like a boat pitching over a wave. And if you try to stabilize your body in the virtual world you see — say, by leaning into a virtual turn — instead of in the physical world you’re in, you can lose stability.
Men and women are typically different shapes and sizes, so they differ in the subtle, subconscious movements that keep their bodies balanced, known as postural sway, Stoffregen says. This difference makes women more susceptible to motion sickness, he claims. For the new study, he measured participants’ balancing motions before they played the games and found a measurable difference in sway between those who reported feeling sick and those who didn’t.
Because motion sickness is a complicated set of symptoms, self-reporting by participants may not be a reliable way to measure it, Muth argues. And, he says, “I would say the science isn’t there yet to draw that conclusion” about gender bias, adding he’d like to see the result replicated with a larger group.
Even so, with VR potentially poised to jump from the gaming world into more mainstream aspects of society — Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg says he wants “a billion people on Facebook in virtual reality as soon as possible” — a gender disparity could become a real problem, especially if VR enters the workplace, Stoffregen says. “If it were only games, it wouldn’t matter, and nobody would care.”
